Formulación de un proyecto de promoción turística de la ciudad de Medellín haciendo uso de la guía metodológica de Fontur

La gerencia de proyectos engloba las áreas de formulación y gestión de proyectos. Siendo la formulación de proyectos, la evaluación preliminar que involucra el estudio de mercado, estudio técnico, estudio de la organización y estudio legal (Padilla, 2011). El éxito de un proyecto depende en gran medida de una buena formulación y por esta razón algunos autores consideran esta fase como una de las más complejas (Sapag, 2007). Existen, en este ámbito, diferentes metodologías para abordar la formulación, como lo son el marco lógico, la metodología general ajustada y la metodología de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo Industrial (ONUDI). Sin embargo, algunas entidades gubernamentales, como el Fondo Nacional de Turismo (Fontur), se basan en guías metodológicas propias para la presentación de proyectos. En este informe se relaciona el proceso de formulación de un proyecto de promoción turística de la ciudad de Medellín, haciendo uso de la guía metodológica de Fontur y para propósitos académicos la prefactibilidad del proyecto según la metodología ONUDI. Con la formulación y presentación de este a Fontur, se busca obtener el conocimiento práctico de este proceso para posteriormente socializar las lecciones aprendidas a los demás actores privados del turismo en la ciudad de Medellín. Se pretende que esta investigación sea de utilidad para los demás prestadores de servicios turísticos y fomente el desarrollo, la presentación y el aprovechamiento de los recursos de esta entidad. Este trabajo se enmarca en la investigación de tipo cualitativa, se estudian a profundidad los requisitos de esta entidad para la presentación de proyectos de promoción turística basados en el Manual para la destinación de recursos y presentación de proyectos de abril 2020 (Fontur, 2020b). Asimismo, se realiza un análisis documental para justificar la articulación del proyecto y el objetivo del mismo con los planes de turismo nacionales y sectoriales. En cuanto al trabajo de campo, se realizan entrevistas a los actores más importantes encargados de la promoción turística de la ciudad, como lo son la Subsecretaría de Turismo y el Bureau de visitantes de Medellín. Se realiza también una encuesta para la identificación de la demanda del proyecto y el precio adecuado para esta.Project management encompasses the areas of project formulation and management. The formulation of projects is the preliminary evaluation that involves the market study, technical study, study of the organization and legal study (Padilla, 2011). The success of a project depends to a large extent on a good formulation of it and for this reason some authors consider this phase as one of the most complex (Sapag, 2007). In this area, there are different methodologies to address the formulation, such as the logical framework, the adjusted general methodology and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) methodology. However, some government entities, such as the National Tourism Fund (Fontur), rely on their own methodological guides for the presentation of projects. This report analyzes the process of formulating a tourism promotion project for the city of Medellín using the Fontur methodological guide and for academic purposes the feasibility of the project according to the UNIDO methodology. By formulating and presenting this project to Fontur, the aim is to obtain practical knowledge of this process to later socialize the lessons learned to other private tourism actors in the city of Medellín. It is intended in such a way that said investigation is useful for other tourist service providers and encourages the development, presentation and use of the resources of this entity. This report is framed on the research, which is of a qualitative type, of the requirements of this entity for the presentation of tourism promotion projects based on the Manual for the allocation of resources and presentation of projects of April 2020 (Fontur, 2020b). Likewise, a documentary analysis is carried out to justify the articulation of the project and the objective of the project with the national and local tourism plans. Regarding the field work, interviews are conducted with the most important actors in charge of promoting tourism in the city, such as the Subsecretary of Tourism and the Medellín Visitors Bureau. A survey is also carried out to identify the demand for the project and the appropriate price for it

Evaluation of factors leading to poor outcomes for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Mexico: a multi-institutional report of 2,116 patients

Background and aimsPediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) survival rates in low- and middle-income countries are lower due to deficiencies in multilevel factors, including access to timely diagnosis, risk-stratified therapy, and comprehensive supportive care. This retrospective study aimed to analyze outcomes for pediatric ALL at 16 centers in Mexico.MethodsPatients <18 years of age with newly diagnosed B- and T-cell ALL treated between January 2011 and December 2019 were included. Clinical and biological characteristics and their association with outcomes were examined.ResultsOverall, 2,116 patients with a median age of 6.3 years were included. B-cell immunophenotype was identified in 1,889 (89.3%) patients. The median white blood cells at diagnosis were 11.2.5 × 103/mm3. CNS-1 status was reported in 1,810 (85.5%), CNS-2 in 67 (3.2%), and CNS-3 in 61 (2.9%). A total of 1,488 patients (70.4%) were classified as high-risk at diagnosis. However, in 52.5% (991/1,889) of patients with B-cell ALL, the reported risk group did not match the calculated risk group allocation based on National Cancer Institute (NCI) criteria. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and PCR tests were performed for 407 (19.2%) and 736 (34.8%) patients, respectively. Minimal residual disease (MRD) during induction was performed in 1,158 patients (54.7%). The median follow-up was 3.7 years. During induction, 191 patients died (9.1%), and 45 patients (2.1%) experienced induction failure. A total of 365 deaths (17.3%) occurred, including 174 deaths after remission. Six percent (176) of patients abandoned treatment. The 5-year event-free survival (EFS) was 58.9% ± 1.7% for B-cell ALL and 47.4% ± 5.9% for T-cell ALL, while the 5-year overall survival (OS) was 67.5% ± 1.6% for B-cell ALL and 54.3% ± 0.6% for T-cell ALL. The 5-year cumulative incidence of central nervous system (CNS) relapse was 5.5% ± 0.6%. For the whole cohort, significantly higher outcomes were seen for patients aged 1–10 years, with DNA index >0.9, with hyperdiploid ALL, and without substantial treatment modifications. In multivariable analyses, age and Day 15 MRD continued to have a significant effect on EFS.ConclusionOutcomes in this multi-institutional cohort describe poor outcomes, influenced by incomplete and inconsistent risk stratification, early toxic death, high on-treatment mortality, and high CNS relapse rate. Adopting comprehensive risk-stratification strategies, evidence-informed de-intensification for favorable-risk patients and optimized supportive care could improve outcomes

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution